M.Engg. Course Outline

Standard Methods for Testing Data Quality, Quality Control / Quality Assurance Procedures, Introduction to ISO 17025 (Laboratory Management), Collection of Samples, Preservation Techniques, Safety Rules for Laboratory, Calibration of Instruments.

Analytical Techniques: Colorimetry, Gravimetric, and Electro Chemical Methods, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Gas Chromatography.

Performance and Determination of Physical / Chemical Characteristics of Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste, Soils and Air, Microbiological Examinations of Water and Wastewater, Toxicity Tests for Aquatic Organisms.

Pre-design Studies, Wastewater characteristics; Pretreatment; Primary Treatment; Reactor design; Process Kinetics; Biological Treatment (aerobic and anaerobic); Suspended-growth processes: activated-sludge, sequencing batch reactor and aerated lagoons; Attached-growth processes: trickling filter and rotating biological contactor; Natural treatment systems: ponds and constructed wetlands.

Coagulation and Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, Adsorption, lon-Exchange, Membrane Processes, Chemical Oxidation, Distillation, Corrosion, Disinfection Sludge management.

Waste generation; waste classification; Waste collection; Transfer and transport of solid waste; Waste characterization; sampling and analyzing wastes; Waste reduction & recycling; Thermal treatment: incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, combined heat and power, waste to energy: Composting; Anaerobic digestion (biogas); Landfilling; Bioremediation of contaminated sites.

Characteristics of Natural Resources, Ecology and Eco Systems, Cycles in Nature, Environmental Quality Objectives, Environmental Legislation, Standards and Technologies, Interrelations of Air, Water Pollutions and Solid Waste Management, Radiation, Noise Pollution, Effect of Pathogens and Chemicals on Health, Economics of Environmental Pollution Control.

Physical, Chemical and Biochemical Properties of Water, Wastewater, Air, and Solid Waste, Aquatic Chemistry and Sediment Characteristics, Basic Principles of Biology, Biochemistry and Microbiology with Emphasis on Energetic, Biogeochemistry Cycling and Interactions among Biological Populations and Influence of Environmental Factors on the Growth and Distributions of Biological Life in Different Environments, Concepts of Biotechnology as Applied to the Pollution Control and Waste Conversion.

Part-1 Numerical Analysis
Error Analysis and Computer Arithmetic, Linear Systems of Algebraic Equations, Solution of Large System of Linear Algebraic Equations, Nonlinear Algebraic Equations, Finite Difference, Polynomial Approximation for Equally and Unequally Spaced Arguments, Interpolation and Extrapolation, Numerical Differentiation and Integration.

Part-II Probability & Statistics.
Probability: Definitions, Sample Space, Events, Laws of Probability, Conditional Probability, Dependent and Independent Events, Review of Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of Dispersion.
Random Variable: Introduction, Distribution Function, Discrete Random Variable and its Probability Distribution, Continuous Random Variable and its Probability Density Function, Mathematical Expectation of a Random Variable, Moment Generating Functions.
Probability Distribution: Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Exponential and Normal Distribution Functions and their Approximation to Poisson Distribution.
Sampling and Estimation, Statistical Tests, Regression Analysis, Analysis of Variants, Design of Experiments.

Introduction and history of EIA, Purpose and Aims of EIA, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Legal background and guidance, Environmental Issues and Priorities, SEPA standard guidelines for preparation and reviews of environmental reports, Framework for environmental assessment (ecological, human health, social risk assessment) recommended by international organisations, Environmental laws and regulations in Pakistan, Stakeholder involvement, Screening, Scoping, Assessment methods and techniques, Mitigation measures, EIA reporting, Review of EIA report, Decision making, Environmental management plan and monitoring, Case studies.

Fundamental Principles of Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling applied to Environmental Problems, Utilisation of Mathematical Software for the Development of Computer Models and Simulation related to Treatment Plant Performance, Stream and Lake Modeling and Contaminant Dispersion in Air, Water and Soil.

Dynamics of Transformation in Processes in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems, Application of Ideal and Non-ideal Reactor Concepts to System Modeling, Energetics and Rates of Mass Transport and Reaction Processes in Surface and Groundwater, Treatment Operations and other Systems of Concern in Environmental Engineering.

Environmental organisation, Legislation, Environmental management system, Risk analysis, Monitoring and compliance Assurance, Environmental Economics, Sustainable planning and development, Environmental decision-making for Industries and infrastructure projects, ISO 14001, Life cycle assessment.

Industrial processes, Waste characterisation, Environmental legislation, Treatment processes and optimisation, Industrial waste treatment technologies, Recovery and recycling, Sludge management, Waste disposal techniques, Industrial pollution prevention plan, Case studies.

Metrology and Hydrologic Cycle, Precipitation, Infiltration and Evapotranspiration, Stream Flow Hydrographs, Flood Routing, Hydrograph Analysis, Ground Water Hydrology, Well Hydraulics, Application of Hydrology Problem (Volume and Peak Discharge Management, Water Logging Control, Water Quality Management etc.)

Development Policies and their Economic and Social Implication, Urban and Rural Inter-relations and the effects on Employment, Migration and the Natural Environment, Urban Infrastructure System and Housing Program Related to General System Properties such as Scale, Regulation, Financing and Pricing Linking those to the Interpretations of Sustainable Development, Rational Use of Land and Water for Sustainable Regional Development.

Fundamental Aspects of Incompressible Fluid Mechanics and its Applications to Analysis of Wave Motions, Circulations, and other Free Surface Flows in Coastal and Offshore Regions, Wave Spectra, Water-Level Fluctuation, Tides Dynamics, Oscillations and Storm Surges, Wind-Surges, Wind Generated Waves including Wave Statistics and Wave Spectra, Beaches, Sediment Transport in the Coastal Regime, Estuaries and Deltas, Response of Beaches to Wave Action and Structures, Tidal Inlets, Beach Nourishment, Wind Transport in Sand Dune Stabilisation.

Effects of Pollution Discharges, Oil Spills, Coast Development, Beach Erosion, Channel Dredging and Changing Sea-Level on Marine Environment and Control Measures, Modeling for Pollution Dispersion, Study of Marine Biology (Organism, Fisheries and Mangroves), Coastal Geology and Estuarine Ecology, Marine Resources Management.

GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
History and Scope of Remote Sensing, Electromagnetic Radiation, Photogrammetry, Mosaics, Digital Data, Satellite Characteristics, Image Resolution, Remote Sensing Imagery Types, Remote Sensing Satellites, Pre-Processing, Image Classification, Accuracy Assessment, Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing, ERDAS Imagine Software.

Environmental health frameworks (Driving Force, Pressure, State, Exposure, Effect, Action), Physical, chemical and biological factors for development of communicable and non-communicable diseases, Introduction to toxicology, Routes of transmission of hazards (inhalation, ingestion, skin), Water, food and air bome diseases and control, Industrial hygiene, Design of onsite sanitation systems.

Water requirement, Sources of water supply, Water transmission, Hydraulics, Water distribution Components, Methods of analysis, Water conservation, Wastewater and storm water collection, Hydraulics of sewer systems, Design of sewer systems, Materials and appurtenances, Pumps and pumping stations.